Byzantique

Psalms 73

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Text · Psalms 73

1A Psalm of instruction for Asaph.

Wherefore hast thou rejected us, O God, forever?

Wherefore is thy wrath kindled against the sheep of thy pasture?

2Remember thy congregation which thou hast purchased from the beginning;

Thou didst ransom the rod of thine inheritance;

This Mount Zion wherein thou hast dwelt.

3Lift up thy hands against their pride continually;

Because of all that the enemy has done wickedly in thy holy places.

4And they that hate thee have boasted in the midst of thy feast;

They have set up their standards for signs,

5Ignorantly as it were in the entrance above;

6They cut down its doors at once with axes as in a wood of trees;

They have broken it down with hatchet and stone cutter.

7They have burned thy sanctuary with fire to the ground;

They have profaned the habitation of thy name.

8They have said in their heart, even all their kindred together,

Come, let us abolish the feasts of the Lord from the earth.

9We have not seen our signs;

There is no longer a prophet; and God will not know us anymore.

10How long, O God, shall the enemy reproach?

Shall the enemy provoke thy name forever?

11Wherefore turnest thou away thy hand,

And thy right hand from the midst of thy bosom forever?

12But God is our King of old;

He has wrought salvation in the midst of the earth.

13Thou didst establish the sea, in thy might,

Thou didst break to pieces the heads of the dragons in the water.

14Thou didst break to pieces the heads of the dragon;

Thou didst give him for meat to the Ethiopian nations.

15Thou didst cleave fountains and torrents;

Thou driedst up mighty rivers.

16The day is thine, and the night is thine;

Thou hast prepared the sun and the moon.

17Thou hast made all the borders of the earth;

Thou hast made summer and spring.

18Remember this thy creation: an enemy has reproached the Lord,

And a foolish people has provoked thy name.

19Deliver not to the wild beasts a soul that gives praise to thee:

Forget not forever the souls of thy poor.

20Look upon thy covenant:

For the dark places of the earth are filled with the habitations of iniquity.

21Let not the afflicted and shamed one be rejected:

The poor and needy shall praise thy name.

22Arise, O God, plead thy cause:

Remember thy reproaches that come from the foolish one all the day.

23Forget not the voice of thy suppliants:

Let the pride of them that hate thee continually ascend before thee.

Commentary
Range Psalms 73:13–14

Here be dragons!

"Dragon" is here a cognate from the LXX δράκων (drakōn).

In various ANE mythologies, creation results from the slaying of a sea monster (Hebrew: תַּנִּין tannin; Greek: κῆτος / kētos), and this imagery shows up throughout the Old Testament. Such references, including other mentions of sea monster(s) in the LXX, include Genesis 1:21; 3 Maccabees 6:8; Job 3:8; 9:13; 26:5–13; Wisdom of Sirach 43:25; Jonah 2:1–2, 11; Isaiah 27:1; 51:9–10; Daniel 3:79).

I think this contains an intentional affront to Ugaritic (i.e., Canaanite) mythology. In Ugaritic accounts, Baal battles against Yamm (which is a homonym of the Hebrew word for "sea," yam), the sea monster who is also referred to as Tannun and Litanu. In an Ugaritic account, Baal defeated Yamm as well as the sea itself (yam). The overlap here with biblical terminology is apparent.1

This affront is clearer in vv. 13-17 in the Hebrew, which connects the crossing of the sea in the exodus event to creation, alluding to common ANE creation mythology (just as God defeated the chaotic waters in creation, he again subdued chaos and his people crossed the sea on dry land).

An alternative translation of vv. 12-17 from the Hebrew follows:

But God has been my king from long ago,
working salvation in the middle of the earth.
You parted the sea [יָ֑ם / yam] by your strength;
You broke the heads of the sea monsters [תַ֝נִּינִ֗ים / tanninim] in the waters.
You crushed the heads of Leviathan [לִוְיָתָ֑ן];
you gave him as food to the desert-dwelling animals.
You split open spring and wadi.
You dried up ever-flowing rivers.
Yours is the day, yours is the night also.
You established light and the sun.
You defined all the boundaries of the earth;
Summer and winter—you formed them.

The Psalmist connects the parting of the sea to God's creation of the cosmos, showing how intertwined such ideas were in ANE thought.

  • 1Cf. James Bennett Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. with Supplement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 129–131.

Old Testament text: Updated Brenton Septuagint (ENGLXXUP) — public domain. Texts & Translations →